CVSS: 4.1EPSS: 0%CPEs: 9EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26859 – net/bnx2x: Prevent access to a freed page in page_pool
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26859
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/bnx2x: Prevent access to a freed page in page_pool Fix race condition leading to system crash during EEH error handling During EEH error recovery, the bnx2x driver's transmit timeout logic could cause a race condition when handling reset tasks. The bnx2x_tx_timeout() schedules reset tasks via bnx2x_sp_rtnl_task(), which ultimately leads to bnx2x_nic_unload(). In bnx2x_nic_unload() SGEs are freed using bnx2x_free_rx_sge_range(). However, this could overlap with the EEH driver's attempt to reset the device using bnx2x_io_slot_reset(), which also tries to free SGEs. This race condition can result in system crashes due to accessing freed memory locations in bnx2x_free_rx_sge() 799 static inline void bnx2x_free_rx_sge(struct bnx2x *bp, 800 struct bnx2x_fastpath *fp, u16 index) 801 { 802 struct sw_rx_page *sw_buf = &fp->rx_page_ring[index]; 803 struct page *page = sw_buf->page; .... where sw_buf was set to NULL after the call to dma_unmap_page() by the preceding thread. EEH: Beginning: 'slot_reset' PCI 0011:01:00.0#10000: EEH: Invoking bnx2x->slot_reset() bnx2x: [bnx2x_io_slot_reset:14228(eth1)]IO slot reset initializing... bnx2x 0011:01:00.0: enabling device (0140 -> 0142) bnx2x: [bnx2x_io_slot_reset:14244(eth1)]IO slot reset --> driver unload Kernel attempted to read user page (0) - exploit attempt? • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4cace675d687ebd2d813e90af80ff87ee85202f9 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7bcc090c81116c66936a7415f2c6b1483a4bcfd9 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4f37d3a7e004bbf560c21441ca9c022168017ec4 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8eebff95ce9558be66a36aa7cfb43223f3ab4699 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ffcd3ccdbda0c918c4a0f922ef1c17010f1b598 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cf7d8cba639ae792a42c2a137b495eac262ac36c https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3a9f78b297e08ca8e88ae3ecff1f6fe2766dc5eb https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c51f8b6930db3f259b8820b589f2459d2 • CWE-362: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition') •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 9EXPL: 0CVE-2023-52644 – wifi: b43: Stop/wake correct queue in DMA Tx path when QoS is disabled
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2023-52644
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: b43: Stop/wake correct queue in DMA Tx path when QoS is disabled When QoS is disabled, the queue priority value will not map to the correct ieee80211 queue since there is only one queue. Stop/wake queue 0 when QoS is disabled to prevent trying to stop/wake a non-existent queue and failing to stop/wake the actual queue instantiated. Log of issue before change (with kernel parameter qos=0): [ +5.112651] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ +0.000005] WARNING: CPU: 7 PID: 25513 at net/mac80211/util.c:449 __ieee80211_wake_queue+0xd5/0x180 [mac80211] [ +0.000067] Modules linked in: b43(O) snd_seq_dummy snd_hrtimer snd_seq snd_seq_device nft_chain_nat xt_MASQUERADE nf_nat xfrm_user xfrm_algo xt_addrtype overlay ccm af_packet amdgpu snd_hda_codec_cirrus snd_hda_codec_generic ledtrig_audio drm_exec amdxcp gpu_sched xt_conntrack nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 ip6t_rpfilter ipt_rpfilter xt_pkttype xt_LOG nf_log_syslog xt_tcpudp nft_compat nf_tables nfnetlink sch_fq_codel btusb uinput iTCO_wdt ctr btrtl intel_pmc_bxt i915 intel_rapl_msr mei_hdcp mei_pxp joydev at24 watchdog btintel atkbd libps2 serio radeon btbcm vivaldi_fmap btmtk intel_rapl_common snd_hda_codec_hdmi bluetooth uvcvideo nls_iso8859_1 applesmc nls_cp437 x86_pkg_temp_thermal snd_hda_intel intel_powerclamp vfat videobuf2_vmalloc coretemp fat snd_intel_dspcfg crc32_pclmul uvc polyval_clmulni snd_intel_sdw_acpi loop videobuf2_memops snd_hda_codec tun drm_suballoc_helper polyval_generic drm_ttm_helper drm_buddy tap ecdh_generic videobuf2_v4l2 gf128mul macvlan ttm ghash_clmulni_intel ecc tg3 [ +0.000044] videodev bridge snd_hda_core rapl crc16 drm_display_helper cec mousedev snd_hwdep evdev intel_cstate bcm5974 hid_appleir videobuf2_common stp mac_hid libphy snd_pcm drm_kms_helper acpi_als mei_me intel_uncore llc mc snd_timer intel_gtt industrialio_triggered_buffer apple_mfi_fastcharge i2c_i801 mei snd lpc_ich agpgart ptp i2c_smbus thunderbolt apple_gmux i2c_algo_bit kfifo_buf video industrialio soundcore pps_core wmi tiny_power_button sbs sbshc button ac cordic bcma mac80211 cfg80211 ssb rfkill libarc4 kvm_intel kvm drm irqbypass fuse backlight firmware_class efi_pstore configfs efivarfs dmi_sysfs ip_tables x_tables autofs4 dm_crypt cbc encrypted_keys trusted asn1_encoder tee tpm rng_core input_leds hid_apple led_class hid_generic usbhid hid sd_mod t10_pi crc64_rocksoft crc64 crc_t10dif crct10dif_generic ahci libahci libata uhci_hcd ehci_pci ehci_hcd crct10dif_pclmul crct10dif_common sha512_ssse3 sha512_generic sha256_ssse3 sha1_ssse3 aesni_intel usbcore scsi_mod libaes crypto_simd cryptd scsi_common [ +0.000055] usb_common rtc_cmos btrfs blake2b_generic libcrc32c crc32c_generic crc32c_intel xor raid6_pq dm_snapshot dm_bufio dm_mod dax [last unloaded: b43(O)] [ +0.000009] CPU: 7 PID: 25513 Comm: irq/17-b43 Tainted: G W O 6.6.7 #1-NixOS [ +0.000003] Hardware name: Apple Inc. MacBookPro8,3/Mac-942459F5819B171B, BIOS 87.0.0.0.0 06/13/2019 [ +0.000001] RIP: 0010:__ieee80211_wake_queue+0xd5/0x180 [mac80211] [ +0.000046] Code: 00 45 85 e4 0f 85 9b 00 00 00 48 8d bd 40 09 00 00 f0 48 0f ba ad 48 09 00 00 00 72 0f 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e e9 cb 6d 3c d0 <0f> 0b 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e c3 cc cc cc cc 48 8d b4 16 94 00 00 [ +0.000002] RSP: 0018:ffffc90003c77d60 EFLAGS: 00010097 [ +0.000001] RAX: 0000000000000001 RBX: 0000000000000002 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ +0.000001] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000002 RDI: ffff88820b924900 [ +0.000002] RBP: ffff88820b924900 R08: ffffc90003c77d90 R09: 000000000003bfd0 [ +0.000001] R10: ffff88820b924900 R11: ffffc90003c77c68 R12: 0000000000000000 [ +0.000001] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffffc90003c77d90 R15: ffffffffc0fa6f40 [ +0.000001] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88846fb80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ +0.000001] CS: 0010 DS: 0 ---truncated--- En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: wifi: b43: Detener/activar la cola correcta en la ruta DMA Tx cuando QoS está deshabilitado Cuando QoS está deshabilitado, el valor de prioridad de la cola no se asignará a la cola ieee80211 correcta ya que solo hay una cola. Detener/activar la cola 0 cuando la QoS está deshabilitada para evitar intentar detener/activar una cola inexistente y no poder detener/activar la cola real instanciada. Registro del problema antes del cambio (con el parámetro del kernel qos=0): [+5.112651] ------------[ cortar aquí ]------------ [ +0.000005] ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 7 PID: 25513 en net/mac80211/util.c:449 __ieee80211_wake_queue+0xd5/0x180 [mac80211] [ +0.000067] Módulos vinculados en: b43(O) snd_seq_dummy snd_hrtimer snd_seq snd_seq_device nft _chain_nat xt_MASQUERADE nf_nat xfrm_user xfrm_algo xt_addrtype superposición ccm af_packet amdgpu snd_hda_codec_cirrus snd_hda_codec_generic ledtrig_audio drm_exec amdxcp gpu_sched xt_conntrack nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 ip6t_rpfilter ipt_rpfilter xt_pkttype xt_LOG nf_log_syslog xt _tcpudp nft_compat nf_tables nfnetlink sch_fq_codel btusb uinput iTCO_wdt ctr btrtl intel_pmc_bxt i915 intel_rapl_msr mei_hdcp mei_pxp joydev at24 watchdog btintel atkbd libps2 serio radeon btbcm vivaldi_fmap btmtk intel _rapl_common snd_hda_codec_hdmi bluetooth uvcvideo nls_iso8859_1 applesmc nls_cp437 x86_pkg_temp_thermal snd_hda_intel intel_powerclamp vfat videobuf2_vmalloc coretemp fat snd_intel_dspcfg crc32_pclmul uvc polyval_clmulni snd_intel_sdw_acpi loop videobuf2_memops snd_hda_codec tun drm_suballoc_helper polyval_generic drm_ttm_helper drm_ buddy tap ecdh_generic videobuf2_v4l2 gf128mul macvlan ttm ghash_clmulni_intel ecc tg3 [+0.000044] videodev bridge snd_hda_core rapl crc16 drm_display_helper cec mousedev snd_hwdep evdev intel_cstate bcm5974 hid_appleir videobuf2_common _hid libphy snd_pcm drm_kms_helper acpi_als mei_me intel_uncore llc mc snd_timer intel_gtt industrialio_triggered_buffer apple_mfi_fastcharge i2c_i801 mei snd lpc_ich agpgart ptp i2c_smbus thunderbolt apple_gmux i2c_algo_bit kfifo_buf video industrialio soundcore pps_core wmi tiny_power_button sbs sbshc botón ac cordic bcma mac80211 cfg80211 ssb rfkill libarc4 kvm_intel kvm drm irqbypass fusible retroiluminación firmware_class efi_pstore configfs efivarfs dmi_sysfs ip_tables x_tables autofs4 dm_crypt cbc encrypted_keys asn1_encoder tee tpm rng_core input_leds hid_apple led_class hid_generic usbhid hid sd_mod t10_pi crc64_rocksoft crc64 crc_t10dif crct10dif_generic ahci libahci libata uhci_hcd ehci_pci cd crct10dif_pclmul crct10dif_common sha512_ssse3 sha512_generic sha256_ssse3 sha1_ssse3 aesni_intel usbcore scsi_mod libaes crypto_simd cryptd scsi_common [ +0.000055] usb_common rtc_cmos btrfs blake2b_generic libcrc32c crc32c_generic crc32c_intel xor raid6_pq dm_snapshot dm_bufio dm_mod dax [última descarga: b43(O)] [ +0.000009] CPU: 7 PID: 25513 Comm: irq/17-b43 Contaminado: GWO 6.6.7 #1-NixOS [ +0.000 003] Hardware nombre: Apple Inc. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e6f5b934fba8c44c87c551e066aa7ca6fde2939e https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1824f942527f784a19e01eac2d9679a21623d010 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/31aaf17200c336fe258b70d39c40645ae19d0240 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/49f067726ab01c87cf57566797a8a719badbbf08 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/04a2b6eff2ae1c19cb7f41e803bcbfaf94c06455 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c67698325c68f8768db858f5c87c34823421746d https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bc845e2e42cae95172c04bf29807c480f51a2a83 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4049a9f80513a6739c5677736a4c88f96 •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 8EXPL: 1CVE-2024-26817 – amdkfd: use calloc instead of kzalloc to avoid integer overflow
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26817
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: amdkfd: use calloc instead of kzalloc to avoid integer overflow This uses calloc instead of doing the multiplication which might overflow. En el kernel de Linux se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: amdkfd: usa calloc en lugar de kzalloc para evitar el desbordamiento de enteros. Esto usa calloc en lugar de hacer la multiplicación que podría desbordarse. • https://github.com/MaherAzzouzi/CVE-2024-26817-amdkfd https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e6721ea845fcb93a764a92bd40f1afc0d6c69751 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8b0564704255c6b3c6a7188e86939f754e1577c0 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcbd99b3c73309107e3be71f20dff9414df64f91 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cbac7de1d9901521e78cdc34e15451df3611f2ad https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e6768c6737f4c02cba193a3339f0cc2907f0b86a https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/315eb3c2df7e4cb18e3eacfa18a53a46f2bf0ef7 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0c33d11153949310d76631d8f4a4736519eacd3a http •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 9EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26816 – x86, relocs: Ignore relocations in .notes section
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26816
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86, relocs: Ignore relocations in .notes section When building with CONFIG_XEN_PV=y, .text symbols are emitted into the .notes section so that Xen can find the "startup_xen" entry point. This information is used prior to booting the kernel, so relocations are not useful. In fact, performing relocations against the .notes section means that the KASLR base is exposed since /sys/kernel/notes is world-readable. To avoid leaking the KASLR base without breaking unprivileged tools that are expecting to read /sys/kernel/notes, skip performing relocations in the .notes section. The values readable in .notes are then identical to those found in System.map. En el kernel de Linux, se resolvió la siguiente vulnerabilidad: x86, relocs: ignorar reubicaciones en la sección .notes Al compilar con CONFIG_XEN_PV=y, los símbolos .text se emiten en la sección .notes para que Xen pueda encontrar el punto de entrada "startup_xen" . Esta información se utiliza antes de iniciar el kernel, por lo que las reubicaciones no son útiles. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ead97c84fa7d63a6a7a2f4e9f18f452bd109045 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/13edb509abc91c72152a11baaf0e7c060a312e03 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/52018aa146e3cf76569a9b1e6e49a2b7c8d4a088 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a4e7ff1a74274e59a2de9bb57236542aa990d20a https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c7cff9780297d55d97ad068b68b703cfe53ef9af https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/47635b112a64b7b208224962471e7e42f110e723 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/af2a9f98d884205145fd155304a6955822ccca1c https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae7079238f6faf1b94accfccf334e98b4 •
CVSS: 5.5EPSS: 0%CPEs: 5EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26815 – net/sched: taprio: proper TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX check
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26815
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: taprio: proper TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX check taprio_parse_tc_entry() is not correctly checking TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX attribute: int tc; // Signed value tc = nla_get_u32(tb[TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX]); if (tc >= TC_QOPT_MAX_QUEUE) { NL_SET_ERR_MSG_MOD(extack, "TC entry index out of range"); return -ERANGE; } syzbot reported that it could fed arbitary negative values: UBSAN: shift-out-of-bounds in net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1722:18 shift exponent -2147418108 is negative CPU: 0 PID: 5066 Comm: syz-executor367 Not tainted 6.8.0-rc7-syzkaller-00136-gc8a5c731fd12 #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 02/29/2024 Call Trace: <TASK> __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x1e7/0x2e0 lib/dump_stack.c:106 ubsan_epilogue lib/ubsan.c:217 [inline] __ubsan_handle_shift_out_of_bounds+0x3c7/0x420 lib/ubsan.c:386 taprio_parse_tc_entry net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1722 [inline] taprio_parse_tc_entries net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1768 [inline] taprio_change+0xb87/0x57d0 net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1877 taprio_init+0x9da/0xc80 net/sched/sch_taprio.c:2134 qdisc_create+0x9d4/0x1190 net/sched/sch_api.c:1355 tc_modify_qdisc+0xa26/0x1e40 net/sched/sch_api.c:1776 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x885/0x1040 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6617 netlink_rcv_skb+0x1e3/0x430 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2543 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1341 [inline] netlink_unicast+0x7ea/0x980 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1367 netlink_sendmsg+0xa3b/0xd70 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1908 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:730 [inline] __sock_sendmsg+0x221/0x270 net/socket.c:745 ____sys_sendmsg+0x525/0x7d0 net/socket.c:2584 ___sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2638 [inline] __sys_sendmsg+0x2b0/0x3a0 net/socket.c:2667 do_syscall_64+0xf9/0x240 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6f/0x77 RIP: 0033:0x7f1b2dea3759 Code: 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 d7 19 00 00 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 b8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48 RSP: 002b:00007ffd4de452f8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f1b2def0390 RCX: 00007f1b2dea3759 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00000000200007c0 RDI: 0000000000000004 RBP: 0000000000000003 R08: 0000555500000000 R09: 0000555500000000 R10: 0000555500000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007ffd4de45340 R13: 00007ffd4de45310 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: 00007ffd4de45340 En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: net/sched: taprio: verificación adecuada de TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX taprio_parse_tc_entry() no verifica correctamente el atributo TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX: int tc; // Valor con signo tc = nla_get_u32(tb[TCA_TAPRIO_TC_ENTRY_INDEX]); if (tc >= TC_QOPT_MAX_QUEUE) { NL_SET_ERR_MSG_MOD(extack, "índice de entrada TC fuera de rango"); volver -RANGE; } syzbot informó que podía alimentar valores negativos arbitrarios: UBSAN: desplazamiento fuera de los límites en net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1722:18 exponente de desplazamiento -2147418108 es negativo CPU: 0 PID: 5066 Comm: syz-executor367 No tainted 6.8.0-rc7-syzkaller-00136-gc8a5c731fd12 #0 Nombre del hardware: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 29/02/2024 Seguimiento de llamadas: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [en línea] dump_stack_lvl+0x1e7/0x2e0 lib/dump_stack.c:106 ubsan_epilogue lib/ubsan.c:217 [en línea] __ubsan_handle_shift_out_of_bounds+0x3c7/0x420 lib/ubsan.c:386 taprio_parse_tc_entry net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1722 [ en línea] taprio_parse_tc_entries net /sched/sch_taprio.c:1768 [en línea] taprio_change+0xb87/0x57d0 net/sched/sch_taprio.c:1877 taprio_init+0x9da/0xc80 net/sched/sch_taprio.c:2134 qdisc_create+0x9d4/0x1190 net/sched/sch_api. c:1355 tc_modify_qdisc+0xa26/0x1e40 net/sched/sch_api.c:1776 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x885/0x1040 net/core/rtnetlink.c:6617 netlink_rcv_skb+0x1e3/0x430 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2543 netlink_unicast_ker nel net/netlink/ AF_NETLINK.C: 1341 [en línea] netlink_unicast+0x7ea/0x980 net/netlink/AF_netLink.c: 1367 netlink_sendmsg+0xa3b/0xd70 net/netlink/af_netlink.c: 1908 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c: 730 [730] 1 /0x270 net/socket.c:745 ____sys_sendmsg+0x525/0x7d0 net/socket.c:2584 ___sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2638 [en línea] __sys_sendmsg+0x2b0/0x3a0 net/socket.c:2667 do_syscall_64+0xf9/ 0x240 entrada_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe +0x6f/0x77 RIP: 0033:0x7f1b2dea3759 Código: 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 d7 19 00 00 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 8 9c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 b8 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48 RSP: 002b:00007ffd4de452f8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f1b2def0390 RCX: 00007f1b2dea3759 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00000000200007c0 RDI: 0000000000000004 RBP: 0000000000000003 R08: 0000555500000000 R09: 0000555500000000 R10: 0000555500000000 R 11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007ffd4de45340 R13: 00007ffd4de45310 R14: 00000000000000001 R15: 00007ffd4de45340 • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a54fc09e4cba3004443aa05979f8c678196c8226 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bd2474a45df7c11412c2587de3d4e43760531418 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6915b1b28fe57e92c78e664366dc61c4f15ff03b https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/860e838fb089d652a446ced52cbdf051285b68e7 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9b720bb1a69a9f12a4a5c86b6f89386fe05ed0f2 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/343041b59b7810f9cdca371f445dd43b35c740b1 https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-26815 https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2274478 • CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read •