CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 8EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26791 – btrfs: dev-replace: properly validate device names
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26791
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: dev-replace: properly validate device names There's a syzbot report that device name buffers passed to device replace are not properly checked for string termination which could lead to a read out of bounds in getname_kernel(). Add a helper that validates both source and target device name buffers. For devid as the source initialize the buffer to empty string in case something tries to read it later. This was originally analyzed and fixed in a different way by Edward Adam Davis (see links). En el kernel de Linux, se resolvió la siguiente vulnerabilidad: btrfs: dev-replace: validar correctamente los nombres de los dispositivos. Hay un informe de syzbot que indica que los búferes de nombres de dispositivos pasados para reemplazar el dispositivo no se verifican adecuadamente para determinar la terminación de la cadena, lo que podría provocar una lectura fuera de los límites. en getname_kernel(). Agregue un asistente que valide los búferes de nombres de dispositivos de origen y de destino. Para devid como fuente, inicialice el búfer en una cadena vacía en caso de que algo intente leerlo más tarde. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/11d7a2e429c02d51e2dc90713823ea8b8d3d3a84 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c6652e20d7d783d060fe5f987eac7b5cabe31311 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2886fe308a83968dde252302884a1e63351cf16d https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ab2d68655d0f04650bef09fee948ff80597c5fb9 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f590040ce2b712177306b03c2a63b16f7d48d3c8 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b1690ced4d2d8b28868811fb81cd33eee5aefee1 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/343eecb4ff49a7b1cc1dfe86958a805cf2341cfb https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9845664b9ee47ce7ee7ea93caf47d39a9 •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 7EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26790 – dmaengine: fsl-qdma: fix SoC may hang on 16 byte unaligned read
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26790
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dmaengine: fsl-qdma: fix SoC may hang on 16 byte unaligned read There is chip (ls1028a) errata: The SoC may hang on 16 byte unaligned read transactions by QDMA. Unaligned read transactions initiated by QDMA may stall in the NOC (Network On-Chip), causing a deadlock condition. Stalled transactions will trigger completion timeouts in PCIe controller. Workaround: Enable prefetch by setting the source descriptor prefetchable bit ( SD[PF] = 1 ). Implement this workaround. En el kernel de Linux, se resolvió la siguiente vulnerabilidad: dmaengine: fsl-qdma: corrección El SoC puede bloquearse en lecturas no alineadas de 16 bytes. Hay erratas en el chip (ls1028a): El SoC puede bloquearse en transacciones de lectura no alineadas de 16 bytes mediante QDMA. Las transacciones de lectura no alineadas iniciadas por QDMA pueden detenerse en el NOC (Network On-Chip), provocando una condición de interbloqueo. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b092529e0aa09829a6404424ce167bf3ce3235e2 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/518d78b4fac68cac29a263554d7f3b19da99d0da https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bb3a06e9b9a30e33d96aadc0e077be095a4f8580 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/106c1ac953a66556ec77456c46e818208d3a9bce https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/237ecf1afe6c22534fa43abdf2bf0b0f52de0aaa https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5b696e9c388251f1c7373be92293769a489fd367 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ad2f8920c314e0a2d9e984fc94b729eca3cda471 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9d739bccf261dd93ec1babf82f5c5d71d •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 7EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26788 – dmaengine: fsl-qdma: init irq after reg initialization
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26788
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: dmaengine: fsl-qdma: init irq after reg initialization Initialize the qDMA irqs after the registers are configured so that interrupts that may have been pending from a primary kernel don't get processed by the irq handler before it is ready to and cause panic with the following trace: Call trace: fsl_qdma_queue_handler+0xf8/0x3e8 __handle_irq_event_percpu+0x78/0x2b0 handle_irq_event_percpu+0x1c/0x68 handle_irq_event+0x44/0x78 handle_fasteoi_irq+0xc8/0x178 generic_handle_irq+0x24/0x38 __handle_domain_irq+0x90/0x100 gic_handle_irq+0x5c/0xb8 el1_irq+0xb8/0x180 _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x14/0x40 __setup_irq+0x4bc/0x798 request_threaded_irq+0xd8/0x190 devm_request_threaded_irq+0x74/0xe8 fsl_qdma_probe+0x4d4/0xca8 platform_drv_probe+0x50/0xa0 really_probe+0xe0/0x3f8 driver_probe_device+0x64/0x130 device_driver_attach+0x6c/0x78 __driver_attach+0xbc/0x158 bus_for_each_dev+0x5c/0x98 driver_attach+0x20/0x28 bus_add_driver+0x158/0x220 driver_register+0x60/0x110 __platform_driver_register+0x44/0x50 fsl_qdma_driver_init+0x18/0x20 do_one_initcall+0x48/0x258 kernel_init_freeable+0x1a4/0x23c kernel_init+0x10/0xf8 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x18 En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: dmaengine: fsl-qdma: init irq after reg inicialización Inicialice qDMA irqs después de configurar los registros para que las interrupciones que puedan haber estado pendientes de un kernel primario no sean procesadas por el controlador irq antes de que esté listo y cause pánico con el siguiente rastreo: Rastreo de llamadas: fsl_qdma_queue_handler+0xf8/0x3e8 __handle_irq_event_percpu+0x78/0x2b0 handle_irq_event_percpu+0x1c/0x68 handle_irq_event+0x44/0x78 handle_fasteoi_irq+0xc8/0x 178 generic_handle_irq+0x24/0x38 __handle_domain_irq +0x90/0x100 gic_handle_irq+0x5c/0xb8 el1_irq+0xb8/0x180 _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x14/0x40 __setup_irq+0x4bc/0x798 request_threaded_irq+0xd8/0x190 devm_request_threaded_irq+0x74/ 0xe8 fsl_qdma_probe+0x4d4/0xca8 plataforma_drv_probe+0x50/0xa0 very_probe+0xe0/0x3f8 driver_probe_device +0x64/0x130 dispositivo_driver_attach+0x6c/0x78 __driver_attach+0xbc/0x158 bus_for_each_dev+0x5c/0x98 driver_attach+0x20/0x28 bus_add_driver+0x158/0x220 driver_register+0x60/0x110 __platform_driver_register+0x 44/0x50 fsl_qdma_driver_init+0x18/0x20 do_one_initcall+0x48/0x258 kernel_init_freeable +0x1a4/0x23c kernel_init+0x10/0xf8 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x18 • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b092529e0aa09829a6404424ce167bf3ce3235e2 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3cc5fb824c2125aa3740d905b3e5b378c8a09478 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9579a21e99fe8dab22a253050ddff28d340d74e1 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4529c084a320be78ff2c5e64297ae998c6fdf66b https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/474d521da890b3e3585335fb80a6044cb2553d99 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a69c8bbb946936ac4eb6a6ae1e849435aa8d947d https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/677102a930643c31f1b4c512b041407058bdfef8 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/87a39071e0b639f45e05d296cc0538eef •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 6EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26787 – mmc: mmci: stm32: fix DMA API overlapping mappings warning
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26787
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mmc: mmci: stm32: fix DMA API overlapping mappings warning Turning on CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG_SG results in the following warning: DMA-API: mmci-pl18x 48220000.mmc: cacheline tracking EEXIST, overlapping mappings aren't supported WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 51 at kernel/dma/debug.c:568 add_dma_entry+0x234/0x2f4 Modules linked in: CPU: 1 PID: 51 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.1.28 #1 Hardware name: STMicroelectronics STM32MP257F-EV1 Evaluation Board (DT) Workqueue: events_freezable mmc_rescan Call trace: add_dma_entry+0x234/0x2f4 debug_dma_map_sg+0x198/0x350 __dma_map_sg_attrs+0xa0/0x110 dma_map_sg_attrs+0x10/0x2c sdmmc_idma_prep_data+0x80/0xc0 mmci_prep_data+0x38/0x84 mmci_start_data+0x108/0x2dc mmci_request+0xe4/0x190 __mmc_start_request+0x68/0x140 mmc_start_request+0x94/0xc0 mmc_wait_for_req+0x70/0x100 mmc_send_tuning+0x108/0x1ac sdmmc_execute_tuning+0x14c/0x210 mmc_execute_tuning+0x48/0xec mmc_sd_init_uhs_card.part.0+0x208/0x464 mmc_sd_init_card+0x318/0x89c mmc_attach_sd+0xe4/0x180 mmc_rescan+0x244/0x320 DMA API debug brings to light leaking dma-mappings as dma_map_sg and dma_unmap_sg are not correctly balanced. If an error occurs in mmci_cmd_irq function, only mmci_dma_error function is called and as this API is not managed on stm32 variant, dma_unmap_sg is never called in this error path. En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: mmc: mmci: stm32: corregir la advertencia de asignaciones superpuestas de la API DMA Al activar CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG_SG se genera la siguiente advertencia: DMA-API: mmci-pl18x 48220000.mmc: seguimiento de línea de caché EEXIST, asignaciones superpuestas no son compatibles ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 1 PID: 51 en kernel/dma/debug.c:568 add_dma_entry+0x234/0x2f4 Módulos vinculados en: CPU: 1 PID: 51 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.1.28 # 1 Nombre del hardware: STMicroelectronics STM32MP257F-EV1 Placa de evaluación (DT) Cola de trabajo: events_freezable mmc_rescan Rastreo de llamadas: add_dma_entry+0x234/0x2f4 debug_dma_map_sg+0x198/0x350 __dma_map_sg_attrs+0xa0/0x110 dma_map_sg_attrs+0x1 0/0x2c sdmmc_idma_prep_data+0x80/0xc0 mmci_prep_data+0x38/0x84 mmci_start_data+0x108/0x2dc mmci_request+0xe4/0x190 __mmc_start_request+0x68/0x140 mmc_start_request+0x94/0xc0 mmc_wait_for_req+0x70/0x100 mmc_send_tuning+0x108/0x1ac sdmmc_execute_tuning+0x 14c/0x210 mmc_execute_tuning+0x48/0xec mmc_sd_init_uhs_card.part.0+0x208/0x464 mmc_sd_init_card +0x318/0x89c mmc_attach_sd+0xe4/0x180 mmc_rescan+0x244/0x320 La depuración de la API de DMA saca a la luz asignaciones de dma con fugas, ya que dma_map_sg y dma_unmap_sg no están correctamente equilibrados. Si se produce un error en la función mmci_cmd_irq, solo se llama a la función mmci_dma_error y como esta API no se administra en la variante stm32, nunca se llama a dma_unmap_sg en esta ruta de error. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/46b723dd867d599420fb640c0eaf2a866ef721d4 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0224cbc53ba82b84affa7619b6d1b1a254bc2c53 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ae5060e17a3fc38e54c3e5bd8abd6b1d5bfae7c https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70af82bb9c897faa25a44e4181f36c60312b71ef https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/176e66269f0de327375fc0ea51c12c2f5a97e4c4 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d610a307225951929b9dff807788439454476f85 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6b1ba3f9040be5efc4396d86c9752cdc564730be https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/ •
CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 6EXPL: 0CVE-2024-26782 – mptcp: fix double-free on socket dismantle
https://notcve.org/view.php?id=CVE-2024-26782
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mptcp: fix double-free on socket dismantle when MPTCP server accepts an incoming connection, it clones its listener socket. However, the pointer to 'inet_opt' for the new socket has the same value as the original one: as a consequence, on program exit it's possible to observe the following splat: BUG: KASAN: double-free in inet_sock_destruct+0x54f/0x8b0 Free of addr ffff888485950880 by task swapper/25/0 CPU: 25 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/25 Kdump: loaded Not tainted 6.8.0-rc1+ #609 Hardware name: Supermicro SYS-6027R-72RF/X9DRH-7TF/7F/iTF/iF, BIOS 3.0 07/26/2013 Call Trace: <IRQ> dump_stack_lvl+0x32/0x50 print_report+0xca/0x620 kasan_report_invalid_free+0x64/0x90 __kasan_slab_free+0x1aa/0x1f0 kfree+0xed/0x2e0 inet_sock_destruct+0x54f/0x8b0 __sk_destruct+0x48/0x5b0 rcu_do_batch+0x34e/0xd90 rcu_core+0x559/0xac0 __do_softirq+0x183/0x5a4 irq_exit_rcu+0x12d/0x170 sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6b/0x80 </IRQ> <TASK> asm_sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x16/0x20 RIP: 0010:cpuidle_enter_state+0x175/0x300 Code: 30 00 0f 84 1f 01 00 00 83 e8 01 83 f8 ff 75 e5 48 83 c4 18 44 89 e8 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc fb 45 85 ed <0f> 89 60 ff ff ff 48 c1 e5 06 48 c7 43 18 00 00 00 00 48 83 44 2b RSP: 0018:ffff888481cf7d90 EFLAGS: 00000202 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88887facddc8 RCX: 0000000000000000 RDX: 1ffff1110ff588b1 RSI: 0000000000000019 RDI: ffff88887fac4588 RBP: 0000000000000004 R08: 0000000000000002 R09: 0000000000043080 R10: 0009b02ea273363f R11: ffff88887fabf42b R12: ffffffff932592e0 R13: 0000000000000004 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 00000022c880ec80 cpuidle_enter+0x4a/0xa0 do_idle+0x310/0x410 cpu_startup_entry+0x51/0x60 start_secondary+0x211/0x270 secondary_startup_64_no_verify+0x184/0x18b </TASK> Allocated by task 6853: kasan_save_stack+0x1c/0x40 kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30 __kasan_kmalloc+0xa6/0xb0 __kmalloc+0x1eb/0x450 cipso_v4_sock_setattr+0x96/0x360 netlbl_sock_setattr+0x132/0x1f0 selinux_netlbl_socket_post_create+0x6c/0x110 selinux_socket_post_create+0x37b/0x7f0 security_socket_post_create+0x63/0xb0 __sock_create+0x305/0x450 __sys_socket_create.part.23+0xbd/0x130 __sys_socket+0x37/0xb0 __x64_sys_socket+0x6f/0xb0 do_syscall_64+0x83/0x160 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6e/0x76 Freed by task 6858: kasan_save_stack+0x1c/0x40 kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30 kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/0x60 __kasan_slab_free+0x12c/0x1f0 kfree+0xed/0x2e0 inet_sock_destruct+0x54f/0x8b0 __sk_destruct+0x48/0x5b0 subflow_ulp_release+0x1f0/0x250 tcp_cleanup_ulp+0x6e/0x110 tcp_v4_destroy_sock+0x5a/0x3a0 inet_csk_destroy_sock+0x135/0x390 tcp_fin+0x416/0x5c0 tcp_data_queue+0x1bc8/0x4310 tcp_rcv_state_process+0x15a3/0x47b0 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x2c1/0x990 tcp_v4_rcv+0x41fb/0x5ed0 ip_protocol_deliver_rcu+0x6d/0x9f0 ip_local_deliver_finish+0x278/0x360 ip_local_deliver+0x182/0x2c0 ip_rcv+0xb5/0x1c0 __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0x16e/0x1b0 process_backlog+0x1e3/0x650 __napi_poll+0xa6/0x500 net_rx_action+0x740/0xbb0 __do_softirq+0x183/0x5a4 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff888485950880 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-64 of size 64 The buggy address is located 0 bytes inside of 64-byte region [ffff888485950880, ffff8884859508c0) The buggy address belongs to the physical page: page:0000000056d1e95e refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0xffff888485950700 pfn:0x485950 flags: 0x57ffffc0000800(slab|node=1|zone=2|lastcpupid=0x1fffff) page_type: 0xffffffff() raw: 0057ffffc0000800 ffff88810004c640 ffffea00121b8ac0 dead000000000006 raw: ffff888485950700 0000000000200019 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected Memory state around the buggy address: ffff888485950780: fa fb fb ---truncated--- En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: mptcp: corrige la doble liberación al desmantelar el socket cuando el servidor MPTCP acepta una conexión entrante, clona su socket de escucha. Sin embargo, el puntero a 'inet_opt' para el nuevo socket tiene el mismo valor que el original: como consecuencia, al salir del programa es posible observar el siguiente símbolo: ERROR: KASAN: double-free in inet_sock_destruct+0x54f/0x8b0 Free de addr ffff888485950880 por task swapper/25/0 CPU: 25 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/25 Kdump: cargado No contaminado 6.8.0-rc1+ #609 Nombre de hardware: Supermicro SYS-6027R-72RF/X9DRH-7TF/7F/iTF /iF, BIOS 3.0 26/07/2013 Seguimiento de llamadas: dump_stack_lvl+0x32/0x50 print_report+0xca/0x620 kasan_report_invalid_free+0x64/0x90 __kasan_slab_free+0x1aa/0x1f0 kfree+0xed/0x2e0 inet_sock_destruct+0x 54f/0x8b0 __sk_destruct+0x48/ 0x5b0 rcu_do_batch+0x34e/0xd90 rcu_core+0x559/0xac0 __do_softirq+0x183/0x5a4 irq_exit_rcu+0x12d/0x170 sysvec_apic_timer_interrupt+0x6b/0x80 asm_sysvec_apic _timer_interrupt+0x16/0x20 RIP: 0010:cpuidle_enter_state+0x175/0x300 Código: 30 00 0f 84 1f 01 00 00 83 e8 01 83 f8 ff 75 e5 48 83 c4 18 44 89 e8 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 cc cc cc cc fb 45 85 ed <0f> 89 60 ff ff ff 48 c1 e5 06 48 c7 43 18 00 00 00 00 48 83 44 2b RSP: 0018:ffff888481cf7d90 EFLAGS: 00000202 RAX: 00000000000000000 RBX: ffff88887facddc8 RCX: 00000 00000000000 RDX: 1ffff1110ff588b1 RSI: 0000000000000019 RDI: ffff88887fac4588 RBP: 00000000000000004 R08: 0000000000000002 R09: 0000000000043 080 R10: 0009b02ea273363f R11: ffff88887fabf42b R12: ffffffff932592e0 R13: 0000000000000004 R14: 00000000000000000 R15: 00000022c880ec80 cpuidle_enter+ 0x4a/0xa0 do_idle+0x310/0x410 cpu_startup_entry+0x51/0x60 start_secondary+0x211/0x270 second_startup_64_no_verify+0x184/0x18b Asignado por tarea 6853: kasan_save_stack+0x1c/0x40 kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30 __kasan_kmalloc+0xa6/0xb0 __kmalloc+0x1eb/0x450 cipso_v4_sock_setattr+0x96/0x360 netlbl_sock_setattr+0x132/0x1f0 selinux_net lbl_socket_post_create+0x6c/0x110 selinux_socket_post_create+0x37b/0x7f0 seguridad_socket_post_create+0x63/0xb0 __sock_create+0x305 /0x450 __sys_socket_create.part.23+0xbd/0x130 __sys_socket+0x37/0xb0 __x64_sys_socket+0x6f/0xb0 do_syscall_64+0x83/0x160 Entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6e/0x76 Liberado por la tarea 68 58: kasan_save_stack+0x1c/0x40 kasan_save_track+0x10/0x30 kasan_save_free_info+0x3b/ 0x60 __kasan_slab_free+0x12c/0x1f0 kfree+0xed/0x2e0 inet_sock_destruct+0x54f/0x8b0 __sk_destruct+0x48/0x5b0 subflow_ulp_release+0x1f0/0x250 tcp_cleanup_ulp+0x6e/0x110 tcp_v4_destroy _sock+0x5a/0x3a0 inet_csk_destroy_sock+0x135/0x390 tcp_fin+0x416/0x5c0 tcp_data_queue+0x1bc8/ 0x4310 tcp_rcv_state_process+0x15a3/0x47b0 tcp_v4_do_rcv+0x2c1/0x990 tcp_v4_rcv+0x41fb/0x5ed0 ip_protocol_deliver_rcu+0x6d/0x9f0 ip_local_deliver_finish+0x278/0x360 ip_ local_deliver+0x182/0x2c0 ip_rcv+0xb5/0x1c0 __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0x16e/0x1b0 Process_backlog+0x1e3/0x650 __napi_poll+0xa6/ 0x500 net_rx_action+0x740/0xbb0 __do_softirq+0x183/0x5a4 La dirección con errores pertenece al objeto en ffff888485950880 que pertenece al caché kmalloc-64 de tamaño 64. La dirección con errores se encuentra a 0 bytes dentro de la región de 64 bytes [ffff888485950880, ffff88848 59508c0) El La dirección con errores pertenece a la página física: página:0000000056d1e95e refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapeo:0000000000000000 índice:0xffff888485950700 pfn:0x485950 banderas: 0x57ffffc0000800(slab|node=1|zone=2|lastcpupid=0x1f ffff) tipo_página: 0xffffffff() sin procesar : 0057ffffc0000800 ffff88810004c640 ffffea00121b8ac0 dead000000000006 raw: ffff888485950700 0000000000200019 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 página volcada porque: kasan: se detectó mal acceso Estado de la memoria alrededor de la dirección con errores: ffff888485950780: fa fb fb ---truncado--- • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cf7da0d66cc1a2a19fc5930bb746ffbb2d4cd1be https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f74362a004225df935863dea6eb7d82daaa5b16e https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4a4eeb6912538c2d0b158e8d11b62d96c1dada4e https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d93fd40c62397326046902a2c5cb75af50882a85 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ce0809ada38dca8d6d41bb57ab40494855c30582 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/85933e80d077c9ae2227226beb86c22f464059cc https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/10048689def7e40a4405acda16fdc6477d4ecc5c https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/ •