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CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 4EXPL: 0

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: inet_diag: fix kernel-infoleak for UDP sockets KMSAN reported a kernel-infoleak [1], that can exploited by unpriv users. After analysis it turned out UDP was not initializing r->idiag_expires. Other users of inet_sk_diag_fill() might make the same mistake in the future, so fix this in inet_sk_diag_fill(). [1] BUG: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak in instrument_copy_to_user include/linux/instrumented.h:121 [inline] BUG: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak in copyout lib/iov_iter.c:156 [inline] BUG: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak in _copy_to_iter+0x69d/0x25c0 lib/iov_iter.c:670 instrument_copy_to_user include/linux/instrumented.h:121 [inline] copyout lib/iov_iter.c:156 [inline] _copy_to_iter+0x69d/0x25c0 lib/iov_iter.c:670 copy_to_iter include/linux/uio.h:155 [inline] simple_copy_to_iter+0xf3/0x140 net/core/datagram.c:519 __skb_datagram_iter+0x2cb/0x1280 net/core/datagram.c:425 skb_copy_datagram_iter+0xdc/0x270 net/core/datagram.c:533 skb_copy_datagram_msg include/linux/skbuff.h:3657 [inline] netlink_recvmsg+0x660/0x1c60 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1974 sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:944 [inline] sock_recvmsg net/socket.c:962 [inline] sock_read_iter+0x5a9/0x630 net/socket.c:1035 call_read_iter include/linux/fs.h:2156 [inline] new_sync_read fs/read_write.c:400 [inline] vfs_read+0x1631/0x1980 fs/read_write.c:481 ksys_read+0x28c/0x520 fs/read_write.c:619 __do_sys_read fs/read_write.c:629 [inline] __se_sys_read fs/read_write.c:627 [inline] __x64_sys_read+0xdb/0x120 fs/read_write.c:627 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:51 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x54/0xd0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:82 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae Uninit was created at: slab_post_alloc_hook mm/slab.h:524 [inline] slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3251 [inline] __kmalloc_node_track_caller+0xe0c/0x1510 mm/slub.c:4974 kmalloc_reserve net/core/skbuff.c:354 [inline] __alloc_skb+0x545/0xf90 net/core/skbuff.c:426 alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:1126 [inline] netlink_dump+0x3d5/0x16a0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2245 __netlink_dump_start+0xd1c/0xee0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2370 netlink_dump_start include/linux/netlink.h:254 [inline] inet_diag_handler_cmd+0x2e7/0x400 net/ipv4/inet_diag.c:1343 sock_diag_rcv_msg+0x24a/0x620 netlink_rcv_skb+0x447/0x800 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2491 sock_diag_rcv+0x63/0x80 net/core/sock_diag.c:276 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1319 [inline] netlink_unicast+0x1095/0x1360 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1345 netlink_sendmsg+0x16f3/0x1870 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1916 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:704 [inline] sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:724 [inline] sock_write_iter+0x594/0x690 net/socket.c:1057 do_iter_readv_writev+0xa7f/0xc70 do_iter_write+0x52c/0x1500 fs/read_write.c:851 vfs_writev fs/read_write.c:924 [inline] do_writev+0x63f/0xe30 fs/read_write.c:967 __do_sys_writev fs/read_write.c:1040 [inline] __se_sys_writev fs/read_write.c:1037 [inline] __x64_sys_writev+0xe5/0x120 fs/read_write.c:1037 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:51 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x54/0xd0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:82 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae Bytes 68-71 of 312 are uninitialized Memory access of size 312 starts at ffff88812ab54000 Data copied to user address 0000000020001440 CPU: 1 PID: 6365 Comm: syz-executor801 Not tainted 5.16.0-rc3-syzkaller #0 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011 En el kernel de Linux, se resolvió la siguiente vulnerabilidad: inet_diag: corrige la fuga de información del kernel para sockets UDP KMSAN informó una fuga de información del kernel [1], que puede ser explotada por usuarios sin privilegios. Después del análisis resultó que UDP no estaba inicializando r->idiag_expires. Otros usuarios de inet_sk_diag_fill() podrían cometer el mismo error en el futuro, así que solucione este problema en inet_sk_diag_fill(). [1] ERROR: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak en instrument_copy_to_user include/linux/instrumented.h:121 [en línea] ERROR: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak en copia lib/iov_iter.c:156 [en línea] ERROR: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak en _copy_to_iter+0x69d/0x25c0 lib/iov_iter.c:670 instrument_copy_to_user include/linux/instrumented.h:121 [en línea] copia lib/iov_iter.c:156 [en línea] _copy_to_iter+0x69d/0x25c0 lib/iov_iter.c:670 copy_to_iter include/linux/uio.h:155 [en línea] simple_copy_to_iter+0xf3/0x140 net/core/datagram.c:519 __skb_datagram_iter+0x2cb/0x1280 net/core/datagram.c:425 skb_copy_datagram_iter+0xdc/0x270 net/core/datagram .c:533 skb_copy_datagram_msg include/linux/skbuff.h:3657 [en línea] netlink_recvmsg+0x660/0x1c60 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1974 sock_recvmsg_nosec net/socket.c:944 [en línea] sock_recvmsg net/socket.c:962 [en línea] sock_read_iter+0x5a9/0x630 net/socket.c:1035 call_read_iter include/linux/fs.h:2156 [en línea] new_sync_read fs/read_write.c:400 [en línea] vfs_read+0x1631/0x1980 fs/read_write.c: 481 ksys_read+0x28c/0x520 fs/read_write.c:619 __do_sys_read fs/read_write.c:629 [en línea] __se_sys_read fs/read_write.c:627 [en línea] __x64_sys_read+0xdb/0x120 fs/read_write.c:627 _arco x64/ x86/entry/common.c:51 [en línea] do_syscall_64+0x54/0xd0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:82 Entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae Uninit se creó en: slab_post_alloc_hook mm/slab.h:524 [en línea] slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3251 [en línea] __kmalloc_node_track_caller+0xe0c/0x1510 mm/slub.c:4974 kmalloc_reserve net/core/skbuff.c:354 [en línea] __alloc_skb+0x545/0xf90 net/core/skbuff.c:426 alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:1126 [en línea] netlink_dump+0x3d5/0x16a0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2245 __netlink_dump_start+0xd1c/0xee0 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2370 netlink_dump_start include/linux/netlink.h:254 [en línea] inet_diag_handler_cmd+0x2e7/0x400 net/ipv4/inet_diag.c:1343 sock_diag_rcv_msg+0x24a/0x620 netlink_rcv_skb+0x447/0x800 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2491 sock_diag_rcv+0x63/0x80 net/core/sock_diag.c:276 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c: 1319 [en línea] netlink_unicast+0x1095/0x1360 netLink/af_netlink.c: 1345 netlink_sendmsg+0x16f3/0x1870 net/netlink/af_etlink.c: 1916 sockm. C: 704 [ en línea] sock_sendmsg net/socket.c:724 [en línea] sock_write_iter+0x594/0x690 net/socket.c:1057 do_iter_readv_writev+0xa7f/0xc70 do_iter_write+0x52c/0x1500 fs/read_write.c:851 vfs_writev fs/read_write.c:9 24 [en línea] do_writev+0x63f/0xe30 fs/read_write.c:967 __do_sys_writev fs/read_write.c:1040 [en línea] __se_sys_writev fs/read_write.c:1037 [en línea] __x64_sys_writev+0xe5/0x120 fs/read_write.c:1037 _syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:51 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x54/0xd0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:82 Entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae Los bytes 68-71 de 312 no están inicializados El acceso a la memoria de tamaño 312 comienza en ffff88812ab54000 Datos copiados a la dirección de usuario 0000000020001440 CPU: 1 PID: 6365 Comm: syz-executor801 Not tainted 5.16.0-rc3-syzkaller #0 Nombre de hardware: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011 • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3c4d05c8056724aff3abc20650807dd828fded54 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7b5596e531253ce84213d9daa7120b71c9d83198 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3a4f6dba1eb98101abc012ef968a8b10dac1ce50 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e5d28205bf1de7082d904ed277ceb2db2879e302 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/71ddeac8cd1d217744a0e060ff520e147c9328d1 •

CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 8EXPL: 0

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: igbvf: fix double free in `igbvf_probe` In `igbvf_probe`, if register_netdev() fails, the program will go to label err_hw_init, and then to label err_ioremap. In free_netdev() which is just below label err_ioremap, there is `list_for_each_entry_safe` and `netif_napi_del` which aims to delete all entries in `dev->napi_list`. The program has added an entry `adapter->rx_ring->napi` which is added by `netif_napi_add` in igbvf_alloc_queues(). However, adapter->rx_ring has been freed below label err_hw_init. So this a UAF. In terms of how to patch the problem, we can refer to igbvf_remove() and delete the entry before `adapter->rx_ring`. The KASAN logs are as follows: [ 35.126075] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in free_netdev+0x1fd/0x450 [ 35.127170] Read of size 8 at addr ffff88810126d990 by task modprobe/366 [ 35.128360] [ 35.128643] CPU: 1 PID: 366 Comm: modprobe Not tainted 5.15.0-rc2+ #14 [ 35.129789] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.12.0-59-gc9ba5276e321-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 [ 35.131749] Call Trace: [ 35.132199] dump_stack_lvl+0x59/0x7b [ 35.132865] print_address_description+0x7c/0x3b0 [ 35.133707] ? free_netdev+0x1fd/0x450 [ 35.134378] __kasan_report+0x160/0x1c0 [ 35.135063] ? • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d4e0fe01a38a073568aee541a0247fe734095979 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ffe1695b678729edec04037e691007900a2b2beb https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/79d9b092035dcdbe636b70433149df9cc6db1e49 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8d0c927a9fb2b4065230936b77b54f857a3754fc https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cc9b655bb84f1be283293dfea94dff9a31b106ac https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8addba6cab94ce01686ea2e80ed1530f9dc33a9a https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/74a16e062b23332d8db017ff4a41e16279c44411 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/944b8be08131f5faf2cd2440aa1c24a39 •

CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 2EXPL: 0

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: USB: core: Make do_proc_control() and do_proc_bulk() killable The USBDEVFS_CONTROL and USBDEVFS_BULK ioctls invoke usb_start_wait_urb(), which contains an uninterruptible wait with a user-specified timeout value. If timeout value is very large and the device being accessed does not respond in a reasonable amount of time, the kernel will complain about "Task X blocked for more than N seconds", as found in testing by syzbot: INFO: task syz-executor.0:8700 blocked for more than 143 seconds. Not tainted 5.14.0-rc7-syzkaller #0 "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message. task:syz-executor.0 state:D stack:23192 pid: 8700 ppid: 8455 flags:0x00004004 Call Trace: context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:4681 [inline] __schedule+0xc07/0x11f0 kernel/sched/core.c:5938 schedule+0x14b/0x210 kernel/sched/core.c:6017 schedule_timeout+0x98/0x2f0 kernel/time/timer.c:1857 do_wait_for_common+0x2da/0x480 kernel/sched/completion.c:85 __wait_for_common kernel/sched/completion.c:106 [inline] wait_for_common kernel/sched/completion.c:117 [inline] wait_for_completion_timeout+0x46/0x60 kernel/sched/completion.c:157 usb_start_wait_urb+0x167/0x550 drivers/usb/core/message.c:63 do_proc_bulk+0x978/0x1080 drivers/usb/core/devio.c:1236 proc_bulk drivers/usb/core/devio.c:1273 [inline] usbdev_do_ioctl drivers/usb/core/devio.c:2547 [inline] usbdev_ioctl+0x3441/0x6b10 drivers/usb/core/devio.c:2713 ... To fix this problem, this patch replaces usbfs's calls to usb_control_msg() and usb_bulk_msg() with special-purpose code that does essentially the same thing (as recommended in the comment for usb_start_wait_urb()), except that it always uses a killable wait and it uses GFP_KERNEL rather than GFP_NOIO. En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: USB: core: Hacer que do_proc_control() y do_proc_bulk() se puedan eliminar. Los ioctls USBDEVFS_CONTROL y USBDEVFS_BULK invocan usb_start_wait_urb(), que contiene una espera ininterrumpida con un valor de tiempo de espera especificado por el usuario. Si el valor del tiempo de espera es muy grande y el dispositivo al que se accede no responde en un período de tiempo razonable, el kernel se quejará de "Tarea X bloqueada durante más de N segundos", como se encontró en las pruebas realizadas por syzbot: INFORMACIÓN: tarea syz-executor .0:8700 bloqueado durante más de 143 segundos. • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/403716741c6c2c510dce44e88f085a740f535de6 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae8709b296d80c7f45aa1f35c0e7659ad69edce1 •

CVSS: -EPSS: 0%CPEs: 3EXPL: 0

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: scsi_debug: Fix type in min_t to avoid stack OOB Change min_t() to use type "u32" instead of type "int" to avoid stack out of bounds. With min_t() type "int" the values get sign extended and the larger value gets used causing stack out of bounds. BUG: KASAN: stack-out-of-bounds in memcpy include/linux/fortify-string.h:191 [inline] BUG: KASAN: stack-out-of-bounds in sg_copy_buffer+0x1de/0x240 lib/scatterlist.c:976 Read of size 127 at addr ffff888072607128 by task syz-executor.7/18707 CPU: 1 PID: 18707 Comm: syz-executor.7 Not tainted 5.15.0-syzk #1 Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 1.13.0-2 Call Trace: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline] dump_stack_lvl+0x89/0xb5 lib/dump_stack.c:106 print_address_description.constprop.9+0x28/0x160 mm/kasan/report.c:256 __kasan_report mm/kasan/report.c:442 [inline] kasan_report.cold.14+0x7d/0x117 mm/kasan/report.c:459 check_region_inline mm/kasan/generic.c:183 [inline] kasan_check_range+0x1a3/0x210 mm/kasan/generic.c:189 memcpy+0x23/0x60 mm/kasan/shadow.c:65 memcpy include/linux/fortify-string.h:191 [inline] sg_copy_buffer+0x1de/0x240 lib/scatterlist.c:976 sg_copy_from_buffer+0x33/0x40 lib/scatterlist.c:1000 fill_from_dev_buffer.part.34+0x82/0x130 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c:1162 fill_from_dev_buffer drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c:1888 [inline] resp_readcap16+0x365/0x3b0 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c:1887 schedule_resp+0x4d8/0x1a70 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c:5478 scsi_debug_queuecommand+0x8c9/0x1ec0 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c:7533 scsi_dispatch_cmd drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c:1520 [inline] scsi_queue_rq+0x16b0/0x2d40 drivers/scsi/scsi_lib.c:1699 blk_mq_dispatch_rq_list+0xb9b/0x2700 block/blk-mq.c:1639 __blk_mq_sched_dispatch_requests+0x28f/0x590 block/blk-mq-sched.c:325 blk_mq_sched_dispatch_requests+0x105/0x190 block/blk-mq-sched.c:358 __blk_mq_run_hw_queue+0xe5/0x150 block/blk-mq.c:1761 __blk_mq_delay_run_hw_queue+0x4f8/0x5c0 block/blk-mq.c:1838 blk_mq_run_hw_queue+0x18d/0x350 block/blk-mq.c:1891 blk_mq_sched_insert_request+0x3db/0x4e0 block/blk-mq-sched.c:474 blk_execute_rq_nowait+0x16b/0x1c0 block/blk-exec.c:62 sg_common_write.isra.18+0xeb3/0x2000 drivers/scsi/sg.c:836 sg_new_write.isra.19+0x570/0x8c0 drivers/scsi/sg.c:774 sg_ioctl_common+0x14d6/0x2710 drivers/scsi/sg.c:939 sg_ioctl+0xa2/0x180 drivers/scsi/sg.c:1165 vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline] __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:874 [inline] __se_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:860 [inline] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x19d/0x220 fs/ioctl.c:860 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x3a/0x80 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae En el kernel de Linux, se resolvió la siguiente vulnerabilidad: scsi: scsi_debug: corrige el tipo min_t para evitar la pila OOB. Cambie min_t() para usar el tipo "u32" en lugar de "int" para evitar la pila fuera de los límites. Con min_t() escriba "int", los valores se extienden y el valor mayor se usa provocando que la pila esté fuera de los límites. ERROR: KASAN: pila fuera de los límites en memcpy include/linux/fortify-string.h:191 [en línea] ERROR: KASAN: pila fuera de los límites en sg_copy_buffer+0x1de/0x240 lib/scatterlist.c: 976 Lectura del tamaño 127 en la dirección ffff888072607128 mediante la tarea syz-executor.7/18707 CPU: 1 PID: 18707 Comm: syz-executor.7 No contaminado 5.15.0-syzk #1 Nombre del hardware: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 1.13.0 -2 Seguimiento de llamadas: __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [en línea] dump_stack_lvl+0x89/0xb5 lib/dump_stack.c:106 print_address_description.constprop.9+0x28/0x160 mm/kasan/report.c:256 __kasan_report mm/kasan /report.c:442 [en línea] kasan_report.cold.14+0x7d/0x117 mm/kasan/report.c:459 check_region_inline mm/kasan/generic.c:183 [en línea] kasan_check_range+0x1a3/0x210 mm/kasan/generic .c:189 memcpy+0x23/0x60 mm/kasan/shadow.c:65 memcpy include/linux/fortify-string.h:191 [en línea] sg_copy_buffer+0x1de/0x240 lib/scatterlist.c:976 sg_copy_from_buffer+0x33/0x40 lib/scatterlist.c:1000 fill_from_dev_buffer.part.34+0x82/0x130 controladores/scsi/scsi_debug.c:1162 fill_from_dev_buffer controladores/scsi/scsi_debug.c:1888 [en línea] resp_readcap16+0x365/0x3b0 controladores/scsi/scsi_debug.c :1887 Schedule_resp+0x4d8/0x1a70 controladores/scsi/scsi_debug.c:5478 scsi_debug_queuecommand+0x8c9/0x1ec0 controladores/scsi/scsi_debug.c:7533 controladores scsi_dispatch_cmd/scsi/scsi_lib.c:1520 [en línea] Controladores 0x16b0/0x2d40/ scsi/scsi_lib.c:1699 blk_mq_dispatch_rq_list+0xb9b/0x2700 block/blk-mq.c:1639 __blk_mq_sched_dispatch_requests+0x28f/0x590 block/blk-mq-sched.c:325 blk_mq_sched_dispatch_requests+0x10 5/0x190 cuadra/blk-mq-programado. c:358 __blk_mq_run_hw_queue+0xe5/0x150 block/blk-mq.c:1761 __blk_mq_delay_run_hw_queue+0x4f8/0x5c0 block/blk-mq.c:1838 blk_mq_run_hw_queue+0x18d/0x350 :1891 blk_mq_sched_insert_request+0x3db/0x4e0 block/blk-mq-sched.c:474 blk_execute_rq_nowait+0x16b/0x1c0 block/blk-exec.c:62 sg_common_write.isra.18+0xeb3/0x2000 drivers/scsi/sg.c:836 sg_new_write.isra.19+0x570 /0x8c0 controladores/scsi/sg.c:774 sg_ioctl_common+0x14d6/0x2710 controladores/scsi/sg.c:939 sg_ioctl+0xa2/0x180 controladores/scsi/sg.c:1165 vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [en línea] __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:874 [en línea] __se_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:860 [en línea] __x64_sys_ioctl+0x19d/0x220 fs/ioctl.c:860 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [en línea] llamada al sistema_64 +0x3a/0x80 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 Entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bdb854f134b964528fa543e0351022eb45bd7346 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3085147645938eb41f0bc0e25ef9791e71f5ee4b https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/36e07d7ede88a1f1ef8f0f209af5b7612324ac2c •

CVSS: 4.1EPSS: 0%CPEs: 5EXPL: 0

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ovl: fix warning in ovl_create_real() Syzbot triggered the following warning in ovl_workdir_create() -> ovl_create_real(): if (!err && WARN_ON(!newdentry->d_inode)) { The reason is that the cgroup2 filesystem returns from mkdir without instantiating the new dentry. Weird filesystems such as this will be rejected by overlayfs at a later stage during setup, but to prevent such a warning, call ovl_mkdir_real() directly from ovl_workdir_create() and reject this case early. En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: ovl: corregir advertencia en ovl_create_real() Syzbot activó la siguiente advertencia en ovl_workdir_create() -> ovl_create_real(): if (!err && WARN_ON(! • https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/445d2dc63e5871d218f21b8f62ab29ac72f2e6b8 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f9f300a92297be8250547347fd52216ef0177ae0 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6859985a2fbda5d1586bf44538853e1be69e85f7 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2ccdd4e4efab06178608a34d7bfb20a54104c02 https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1f5573cfe7a7056e80a92c7a037a3e69f3a13d1c https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2021-47579 https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2293250 • CWE-457: Use of Uninitialized Variable •